死去何所道,托体同山阿:这是陶潜所作的《挽歌》中的诗句,意思是,亲戚们有的余哀未尽,别的人又已经唱起歌来了。人死了有什么可说的,不过是寄托躯体于山陵,(最后)和山陵同化而已。山阿,山陵。荒草何茫茫,白杨亦萧萧。严霜九月中,送我出远郊。四面无人居,高坟正蕉峣。马为仰天鸣,风为自萧条。幽室一已闭,千年不复朝。千年不复朝,贤达无奈何。向来相送人,各自还其家。亲戚或余悲,他人亦已歌。死去何所道,托体同山阿。这首诗通篇写送葬下葬的过程,突出写了送葬者。把墓地的环境、气份写得历历在目,把送葬者的表现也写得合情合理。最后说:“死去何所道,托体同山阿。”意思是说人死后还有什么好说的呢,把尸体托付给大自然,化作大山脚下的一杯土,无论是达官贵人,还是平民百姓,谁也无可奈何这样的命运。陶渊明这样豁达是空前的。
鲁迅 《野草》中 《死后》和《墓碣文》二文所表达的意思
Ozymandias诗的中文:
奥兹曼迪亚斯(杨绛 译)
雪莱
我遇见一位来自古国的旅人
他说:有两条巨大的石腿
半掩于沙漠之间
近旁的沙土中,有一张破碎的石脸
抿着嘴,蹙着眉,面孔依旧威严
想那雕刻者,必定深谙其人情感
那神态还留在石头上
而斯人已逝,化作尘烟
看那石座上刻着字句:
“我是万王之王,奥兹曼斯迪亚斯
功业盖物,强者折服”
此外,荡然无物
废墟四周,唯余黄沙莽莽
寂寞荒凉,伸展四方
Ozymandias诗的英文赏析如下:
Before reading Ozymandias, I glanced at the writer’s name, Percy Bysshe Shelley, one of the major Romantic poets, whom is not unfamiliar to me. When it comes to Shelley, a famous sentence flashed upon my mind, “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”
Personally speaking, I really admire Shelley because of his romantic life experience. Also, William Wordsworth appraise Shelley as “One of the best artists of us all”, and Lord Byron, Shelley’s close friend once said of him “Without exception the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.
From the French writer André Maurois’s Biography of Shelley, Shelley is regarded as a character who has strongly tragic fate, he is a rebel by nature, he will not fit into any environment, but his works still concerns the reality.
From all of the lectures, Ozymandias is the poem whom I really admire. When I first read this poem, I seem to enter into a totally different world. It is a scene of utter desolation, only a bust of Ozymandias on a pedestal among the bleak desert.?
By means of imagination, I seemed like to stand in the desert, watching the colossal, it is a great masterpiece, still reveals the vigor and strength when Ozymandias ruled his country. The stone must have witnessed many dynasty changes in the course of history. Meanwhile, this historical impression extensively expresses some description which are highly capable of creating mental pictures.
Then I heard the sound, “My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Might, and despair!” the voice whistled through the fierce wind, and makes a person shiver. There is no doubt that the monologue brings out the arrogant and overconfident side of Ozymandias. Ozymandias, who was the king of kings before, was obsessed by power. Even now he became a stone and would be impossible to move, he still remembered his own brilliant merits.
Besides the strong images and imagination, there are also some reason why I like Ozymandias. To some degree, the theme of this poem is ambiguous, which covers many dimensions, and that is why I really admire Ozymandias.
Firstly, this poem can be regarded as the satire aimed at magnates. The king who had absolute power inevitably was in his last throes, and his country drew on rapidly towards destruction in the end, “Nothing beside remains”, “The lone and level sands stretch far away”. At the same time, I think that Shelley wrote this poem for the sake of mocking people who were in authority.?
As I know, “Ozymandias” was written in 1818, at which time Shelley may be forced to Italy with Mary and Clare Claremont, the cast off lover of Byron, showing a total disregard to other people and their feelings. On the one hand, Shelley hated so-called conservative rules. On the other hand, he considered that this prejudice was bound to fade away. However, Shelley was able to only represent it to readers by metaphors. In this poetry the king’s voice was a ?metaphor for the attack. Similarly, these kind of rules and bondage would wear down in the end.
Secondly, this poem reflects that art and beauty can not be everlasting. The sculpture of Ozymandias, as a symbol of beauty, was hard to bear the exposure of rain and wind day after day, only leaving the broken and lifeless debris. By the way, how long could the Ozymandias existed in the desert, and who knew? Faced with the power of time, every perfect thing would become imperfect, time is so strong that can ruin everything.
Thirdly, this poem demonstrates that only time is perpetual, everything including power, artistic beauty even human beings, as time goes by will all be gone. Time is so powerful that it destroys everyone’s brilliant victories. But eventually, no one will escape the fate. No one has the capacity to transcend time.
As the proverb goes: There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people's eyes.
There are just three of the ambiguous themes that I have came up with. As for other themes, I do think that Ozymandias likes a highlight, throw off many different aspects which give readers space of imagination to fill in the gap.?
Reading some reference materials, I realized that Ozymandias was a Greek name for the Egyptian king Ramesses II (1304-1237 BC.) Records the inscription on the pedestal of his statue (at the Ramesseum, on the other side of Nile river from Luxor ) as “King of kings am I, Ozymandias. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works”.
Horace Smith once also wrote a poem describing Ozymandias. Someone considered that they took the same subject, told the same story, even made the same moral point. But from my own perspective, Shelley’s sonnet is more refined than Smith’s. There were different voices appeared in Shelley’s poem. For instance, the king’s voice was high, representing he took charge of power; the sculptor said nothing but he may discern everything; the traveller told the narrator the whole story, and the narrator witnessed the story. To some degree, it's also a suggestive story of people facing an uncertain future, and of a country searching for a new sense of patriotic identity.
Work Cited:
The Poems of Shelley,II: 1817-1819 [London: Pearson, 2000]:311
Trans. C.H,Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 33 [Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1961]: I 47
Reiman, Donald H and Sharon B.Powers. Shelley’s Poetry and Prose. Norton 1977.ISBN 0-393-09164-3
André, Maurois. Ariel Ou La Vie Shelly ISBN 7308121836
扩展连接:
珀西·比希·雪莱(英文原名:Percy Bysshe Shelley,公元1792年8月4日—公元1822年7月8日),英国著名作家、浪漫主义诗人,被认为是历史上最出色的英语诗人之一。英国浪漫主义民主诗人、第一位社会主义诗人、小说家、哲学家、散文随笔和政论作家、改革家、柏拉图主义者和理想主义者,受空想社会主义思想影响颇深。
雪莱生于英格兰萨塞克斯郡霍舍姆附近的沃恩汉,12岁进入伊顿公学,1810年进入牛津大学,1811年3月25日由于散发《无神论的必然》,入学不足一年就被牛津大学开除。1813年11月完成叙事长诗《麦布女王》,1818年至1819年完成了两部重要的长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《倩契》,以及其不朽的名作《西风颂》。1822年7月8日逝世。恩格斯称他是“天才预言家”。
“Ozymandias” 是英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)写的一首十四行诗,首次发表于1818年1月11日的 The Examiner。第二年,它被收入了Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue; with Other Poems?(1819年)以及他在1826年出版的诗歌的遗作。“Ozymandias”是雪莱最着名的作品,经常被选集。
雪莱在与他的朋友兼诗人霍拉斯史密斯(1779-1849)的友好竞争中写下了这首诗,史密斯也同样以“Ozymandias”写了一首十四行诗,并且在在雪莱的十四行诗之后几周,史密斯的诗也被发表在?The Examiner上。这两首诗都探索了历史的命运和时间的蹂躏:即使是最伟大的人和他们伪造的帝国也是无常的,他们的遗产决定于衰败。
在古代,Ozymandias(?συμανδ?α?)是埃及法老拉美西斯二世的希腊名字。雪莱于1817年开始写他的诗,不久之后大英博物馆宣布从公元前13世纪收购了拉美西斯二世雕像的一大片,导致一些学者相信雪莱的灵感来自于此。雕像头部和躯干的7.25吨碎片于1816年被意大利冒险家乔瓦尼巴蒂斯塔贝尔佐尼从底比斯的拉美西斯太平间寺庙中移除。预计它将于1818年抵达伦敦,但直到1821年才到达。
参考资料:
Ozymandias-Wikipedia(维基百科)
珀西·比希·雪莱-百度百科
悼亡诗三首赏析
关于《野草》
《野草》,于我们这类不曾仔细研读过鲁迅先生作品的人,无疑是个惊喜。
一直以来,以为先生的作品是“硬”的,铮铮的,大男子主义的。时时与国家兴亡联系在一起,时时在谴责、反思和战斗。然而读了《野草》后,有一些意外的收获——在愈加了解到先生的“阳刚”的同时,发现先生竟也有“阴柔”的一面。
有人说,《野草》是鲁迅先生的作品中最难懂的一部。短时间的研究自然无法完全透析清楚,只能大致了解一些皮毛上的东西。
(一)
解读《野草》,首先从解“梦”开始。
在《野草》之前,鲁迅先生曾发表过一首题目为《梦》的诗。
很多的梦,趁黄昏起哄。前梦才挤却大前梦时,后梦又赶走了前梦。去的前梦黑如墨,在的后梦墨一般黑;去的在的仿佛都说,“看我真好颜色”。颜色许好,暗里不知;而且不知道,说话的是谁?
暗里不知,身热头痛。你来你来!明日的梦。
《野草》大概可以算是鲁迅先生梦的影子。下面便来看看先生的梦究竟是怎样的颜色。
在《野草》的二十四篇文章中,有七篇都是这样开头的:“我梦见自己……”其他的,也多是在或幻象或回忆中延展,或在“睡到不知时候的时候”开启。可见,先生创作《野草》的灵感,来源于埋藏在灵魂深处的、最底层的思想感情。可以想象,在创作过程中,他始终压抑着自己的情感,尽量保持头脑的冷静和内心的平静。这些,我们从《我的失恋》、《好的故事》、《一觉》等文章中不难看出。也有几篇,如《立论》、《聪明人和傻子和奴才》,乍看之下,它们似乎是平淡的,没有任何感情色彩的,表达方式也多是直截了当的叙述。然而平淡背后却隐藏着一些激烈的、“蠢蠢欲动”的东西,仍然可以感到一种嘲讽与无奈混杂在一起的感情,并且分明是在肆意地抒情。也有时,先生心底的激情和怒火达到了无法克制的程度,于是也有了《复仇》、《死火》和《死后》。这样,我们大致可把这些“梦”分为三类。
潘岳《悼亡诗》是诗人悼念亡妻杨氏的诗作,共有三首。杨氏是西晋书法家戴侯杨肇的女儿。潘岳十二岁时与她订婚,结婚之后,大约共同生活了二十四个年头。杨氏卒于公元298年(晋惠帝元康八年)。潘岳夫妇感情很好,杨氏亡后,潘岳写了一些悼亡诗赋,除《悼亡诗》三首之外,还有《哀永逝文》《悼亡赋》等,表现了诗人与妻子的深厚感情。在这些悼亡诗赋中,《悼亡诗》三首都堪称杰作,而在三首《悼亡诗》中,第一首传诵千古,尤为有名。这里选析第一首。
这一首《悼亡诗》写作时间大约是杨氏死后一周年,即公元299年(晋惠帝永康九年)。何焯《义门读书记》说:“安仁《悼亡》,盖在终制之后,荏苒冬春,寒暑忽易,是一期已周也。古人未有丧而赋诗者。”结合诗的内容考察,是可以相信的。这首诗,从内容看,可以分为三个部分:
“荏苒冬春谢,寒暑忽流易。之子归穷泉,重壤永幽隔。私怀谁克从,淹留亦何益。__恭朝命,回心反初役。”是第一部分,写诗人为妻子守丧一年之后,即将离家返回任所时的心情。开头四句点明妻子去世已经一年。诗人说,时光流逝,爱妻离开人世已整整一年,层层的土壤将他们永远隔绝了。“私怀”四句,写诗人即将离家返回任所的心理活动。就个人对亡妻的思念之情来说,诗人十分愿意留在家中,可是有公务在身,朝廷不会依从,这个愿望是难以实现的。再说,人已死了,就是再继续留在家中,也是没有用。这里提出留与不留的矛盾。矛盾的解决办法是,勉强遵从朝廷之命,转变念头,返回原来任职的地方。
“望庐思其人,入室想所历。帏屏无__,翰墨有馀迹。流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。怅恍如或存,回惶忡惊惕。”是第二部分,写诗人就要离家返回任所,临行之前,触景生情,心中有说不出的悲哀和痛苦。看到住宅,自然想起亡妻,她的音容笑貌宛在眼前;进入房间,自然忆起与爱妻共同生活的美好经历,她的一举一动,使诗人永远铭记在心间。可是,在罗帐、屏风之间再也见不到爱妻的形影。见到的是墙上挂的亡妻的笔墨遗迹,婉媚依旧,余香未歇。眼前的情景,使诗人的神志恍恍忽忽,好像爱妻还活着,忽然想起她离开人世,心中不免有几分惊惧。这一段心理描写,十分细腻的表现了诗人思念亡妻的感情,真挚动人。这是全诗的最精彩的部分。
应该指出,“流芳”“遗挂”二语,注家尚有不同看法。有人认为“流芳”是指杨氏的化妆用品,有人认为“遗挂”是杨氏的遗像,都是猜测,缺乏根据。余冠英说:“‘流芳’‘遗挂’都承翰墨而言,言亡妻笔墨遗迹,挂在墙上,还有余芳。”(《汉魏六朝诗选》)比较可信。又,“回惶忡惊惕”,意思是由惶惑不安转而感到惊惧。“回”,一作“周”。前人如陈祚明、沈德潜等人多谓此句不通,清人吴淇说:“此诗‘周惶忡惊惕’五字似复而实一字有一字之情,‘怅恍’者,见其所历而犹为未亡。‘周惶忡惊惕’,想其所历而已知其亡,故以‘周惶忡惊惕’五字,合之‘怅恍’,共七字,总以描写室中人新亡,单剩孤孤一身在室内,其心中忐忐忑忑光景如画。”(《六朝选诗定论》)剖析入微,亦颇有理。
“如彼翰林鸟,双栖一朝只。如彼游川鱼,比目中路析。春风缘隙来,晨_承檐滴。寝息何时忘,沈忧日盈积。庶几有时衰,庄缶犹可击。”是第三部分,写诗人丧偶的孤独和悲哀。“翰林鸟”,指双飞于林中的鸟。比目鱼,水中一种成对的鱼。《尔雅·释地》说:“东方有比目鱼,不比不行。”传说比目鱼身体很扁,头上只一侧有眼睛,必须与眼睛生在另一侧的比目鱼并游。不论“翰林鸟”,还是“比目鱼”,都是古人常用来比喻夫妻合好。“一朝只”、“中路析”,写出诗人丧偶以后的孤独与凄凉。冬去春来,寒暑流易,爱妻去世,忽已逾周年。又是春风袭人之时,檐下晨_点点滴滴,逗人哀思,难以入眠。深沉的忧愁,难以消却,如同三春细雨,绵绵无休,盈积心头。要想使哀思衰减,只有效法庄周敲击瓦盆(一种古代乐器)了。《庄子·至乐》说,战国时代宋国人庄周妻死了,惠施去吊丧,见庄周两腿伸直岔开坐在那里敲着瓦盆唱歌。惠施说,妻子死了,不哭也罢,竟然唱起歌来,未免太过分了。庄周说,妻子刚死时,他很悲伤。后来想想,人本无生、无形,由无到有,又由有到无,正如四季循环,就不必要悲伤了。潘岳想效法庄周,以达观的态度消愁,殊不知“此情无计可消除,才下眉头,却上心头”。
潘岳的悼亡诗赋有一个明显的特点,即富于感情。此诗也不例外。陈祚明说:“安仁情深之子,每一涉笔,淋漓倾注,宛转侧折,旁写曲诉,刺刺不能自休。夫诗以道情,未有情深而语不佳者;所嫌笔端繁冗,不能裁节,有逊乐府古诗含蕴不尽之妙耳。”(《采菽堂古诗选》卷十一)这里肯定潘岳悼亡诗的感情“淋漓倾注”,又批评了他的诗繁冗和缺乏“含蕴不尽之妙”,十分中肯。沈德潜对潘岳诗的评价不高,但是对悼亡诗,也指出“其情自深”(《古诗源》卷七)的特点。的确,潘岳悼亡诗感情深沉,颇为感人。
由于潘岳有《悼亡诗》三首是悼念亡妻的,从此以后,“悼亡诗”成为悼念亡妻的专门诗篇,再不是悼念其他死亡者的诗篇。于此可见,潘岳《悼亡诗》深远的影响。
本文来自作者[长孙一诺]投稿,不代表金桥号立场,如若转载,请注明出处:https://wenmingliaocheng.cn/liao/4202.html
评论列表(4条)
我是金桥号的签约作者“长孙一诺”!
希望本篇文章《死后诗的意思》能对你有所帮助!
本站[金桥号]内容主要涵盖:生活百科,小常识,生活小窍门,知识分享
本文概览:死去何所道,托体同山阿:这是陶潜所作的《挽歌》中的诗句,意思是,亲戚们有的余哀未尽,别的人又已经唱起歌来了。人死了有什么可说的,不过是寄托躯体于山陵,(最后)和山陵同化而已。山...